Car Catalytic Converter
The catalytic converter is essential for minimizing the impact of vehicles on the environment and human health. Without it, exhaust gases would be much more toxic, and the car would not comply with current emission standards. It is a key component in modern emission control technology.
Main role of the catalytic converter
It transforms toxic exhaust gases into less harmful substances. The engine produces harmful gases as a result of fuel combustion. The catalytic converter uses precious metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium) as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions that convert:
+ Carbon monoxide (CO) → Carbon dioxide (CO₂) (less toxic).
+ Hydrocarbons (HC) (unburned fuel) → Water (H₂O) and CO₂.
+ Nitrogen oxides (NOx) → Nitrogen (N₂) and Oxygen (O₂)
Why is the catalytic converter necessary?
Environmental protection. Reducing major pollutants (CO, HC, NOx) that contribute to:
+ Global warming (greenhouse effect).
+ Smog and respiratory problems (NOx and HC).
+ Acid rain (NOx).
Legal compliance:
+ Mandatory on all new cars in the EU and USA, according to emission standards (Euro, EPA).
+ Without it, the car cannot pass the technical inspection (MOT) in most countries.
Public health:
+ CO is a deadly gas, while NOx and HC are carcinogenic. The catalytic converter reduces these risks.
Energy efficiency (indirectly):
+ Helps optimize engine operation through lambda sensors, reducing fuel consumption.
How does it work?
Process:
+ Exhaust gases pass through the catalytic converter.
+ The catalyst metals trigger chemical reactions (oxidation and reduction) without being consumed.
+ Toxic gases are transformed into water, CO₂, and nitrogen.
+ Conditions: Works optimally at high temperatures (over 250°C), which is why pollution is higher during cold starts.
Common types:
+ Three-way: For gasoline engines (reduces CO, HC, and NOx simultaneously).
+ Oxidation: For diesel engines (reduces CO and HC). NOx is treated with AdBlue (Euro 6).
